CIVIL ENGINEERING Hydraulics and Hydrology Reviewer for Sanitary Engineer


The Sanitary Engineering Licensure Examination in the Philippines evaluates an engineer's expertise in designing, constructing, and maintaining sanitation and water-related infrastructure. A crucial component of this exam, particularly in the Civil Engineering aspect, is Hydraulics and Hydrology, which plays a significant role in water supply systems, drainage networks, and flood control measures.

1. Principles of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics

Understanding fluid properties, pressure dynamics, flow measurement, and energy conservation is essential for sanitary engineers. These principles are applied in designing water distribution systems, sewage networks, and stormwater drainage. The exam may cover topics like Bernoulli’s equation, flow continuity, and hydraulic grade lines, which are used to analyze fluid movement in pipes and channels.

2. Analysis of Open Channel Flow and Pipe Systems

Sanitary engineering projects involve gravity-driven and pressurized flow systems, making the study of open channel hydraulics (rivers, canals, and drainage systems) and pipe flow (water supply and sewerage systems) essential. Candidates must be familiar with Manning’s equation for open channels, Darcy-Weisbach and Hazen-Williams equations for pipe flow, and techniques for preventing water hammer and pressure losses.

3. Hydrological Cycle, Rainfall-Runoff Relationships, and Flood Forecasting

Hydrology is vital for water resource management, stormwater drainage design, and flood control. Exam topics include precipitation measurement, infiltration, hydrograph analysis, and flood frequency studies. Understanding rainfall-runoff modeling and flood prediction methods helps in designing effective stormwater management systems and mitigating flood risks in urban and rural areas.

SANITARY ENGINEER REVIEWER

Welcome to our Sanitary Engineer Reviewer. In this session, you'll have the opportunity to test your understanding of key concepts in Hydraulics and Hydrology. The quiz consists of multiple-choice questions covering various topics. Pay close attention to each question and select the best answer. After completing the exam, check the video or the answer key and explanations at the last part.

Principles of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics

1. Which property of fluid is responsible for resistance to shear stress?
A. Density
B. Viscosity
C. Surface tension
D. Compressibility

2. What is the unit of dynamic viscosity in the SI system?
A. Pascal-second (Pa·s)
B. Newton per meter (N/m)
C. Joule per second (J/s)
D. Kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m³)

3. Which equation is based on the principle of conservation of energy in fluid flow?
A. Bernoulli’s Equation
B. Manning’s Equation
C. Darcy-Weisbach Equation
D. Reynolds Equation

4. What happens to the pressure of a fluid as its velocity increases, according to Bernoulli’s principle?
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Remains the same
D. First decreases, then increases

5. Which type of fluid flow is characterized by irregular and chaotic motion?
A. Laminar flow
B. Turbulent flow
C. Uniform flow
D. Steady flow

6. The Reynolds number is used to determine the type of flow in a pipe. What is the critical Reynolds number for transition from laminar to turbulent flow?
A. 2,000
B. 4,000
C. 10,000
D. 1,000

7. Which of the following instruments is commonly used to measure fluid pressure?
A. Venturi meter
B. Pitot tube
C. Manometer
D. Rotameter

8. Which type of energy is dominant in a fluid at rest?
A. Kinetic energy
B. Pressure energy
C. Potential energy
D. Thermal energy

9. What is the primary cause of minor losses in a pipe system?
A. Pipe friction
B. Sudden expansion or contraction
C. Pipe length
D. Fluid viscosity

10. Which equation is used to calculate head loss due to friction in a pipe?
A. Bernoulli’s equation
B. Darcy-Weisbach equation
C. Manning’s equation
D. Hazen-Williams equation

Open Channel Flow and Pipe Systems

11. Which equation is commonly used to determine flow velocity in open channels?
A. Manning’s equation
B. Darcy-Weisbach equation
C. Bernoulli’s equation
D. Reynolds equation

12. A hydraulic jump occurs when flow changes from:
A. Laminar to turbulent
B. Turbulent to laminar
C. Supercritical to subcritical
D. Subcritical to supercritical

13. What is the critical depth in an open channel?
A. The depth at which flow is subcritical
B. The depth at which flow is supercritical
C. The depth at which the specific energy is minimum
D. The maximum possible flow depth in a channel

14. The velocity of flow in a circular pipe flowing full is determined using:
A. Manning’s equation
B. Darcy-Weisbach equation
C. Bernoulli’s equation
D. Froude’s equation

15. Which of the following represents the most efficient cross-section for an open channel flow?
A. Rectangular channel
B. Circular channel
C. Triangular channel
D. Trapezoidal channel

16. In pipe network analysis, which method is commonly used to balance flows and pressures?
A. Bernoulli’s Method
B. Manning’s Method
C. Hardy Cross Method
D. Rational Method

17. Which factor affects the friction loss in a pipe?
A. Pipe length
B. Pipe roughness
C. Flow velocity
D. All of the above

18. What is the primary cause of water hammer in pipelines?
A. Pipe corrosion
B. Rapid valve closure
C. Pipe expansion
D. Water temperature changes

19. Which of the following statements about minor losses in pipe flow is true?
A. They are only significant in very long pipelines
B. They are caused by changes in flow direction or obstruction
C. They are independent of velocity
D. They are neglected in most practical designs

20. For an open channel, what does the Froude number (Fr) determine?
A. Whether flow is laminar or turbulent
B. Whether flow is subcritical, critical, or supercritical
C. The energy loss due to friction
D. The volume of flow per unit time

Hydrology 

21. Which process in the hydrological cycle describes water movement from plants to the atmosphere?
A. Evaporation
B. Transpiration
C. Infiltration
D. Runoff

22. Which of the following best defines the runoff coefficient?
A. The fraction of rainfall that becomes surface runoff
B. The ratio of infiltration to rainfall
C. The percentage of rainfall lost to evaporation
D. The amount of rainfall that percolates into groundwater

23. Which instrument is used to measure rainfall intensity?
A. Evaporimeter
B. Barometer
C. Hygrometer
D. Rain gauge

24. What is the primary driving force of the hydrologic cycle?
A. Gravity
B. Solar radiation
C. Wind movement
D. Atmospheric pressure

25. Which factor does NOT significantly affect infiltration capacity?
A. Soil type
B. Vegetation cover
C. Wind speed
D. Rainfall intensity

26. A hydrograph is a plot of:
A. Rainfall intensity versus time
B. River discharge versus time
C. Evaporation rate versus time
D. Groundwater level versus time

27. Which of the following is an example of a non-point source of water pollution?
A. Industrial discharge from a factory
B. Oil spill from a ship
C. Urban runoff
D. Sewage treatment plant discharge

28. What is the Rational Method primarily used for?
A. Estimating peak runoff from a watershed
B. Calculating infiltration rates
C. Measuring evaporation losses
D. Determining groundwater recharge

29. Flood forecasting relies on which of the following data sources?
A. Rainfall intensity measurements
B. River stage readings
C. Watershed characteristics
D. All of the above

30. Which process describes the movement of water through soil into groundwater reservoirs?
A. Infiltration
B. Percolation
C. Evaporation
D. Transpiration

ANSWER KEY HERE

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